Overview

Teaching: 5 min
Exercises: 5 min

Questions

• How do you make some jobs run after other jobs?

Objectives

• Make multiple stages and run some jobs in serial.

Defining Stages

From the last session, we’re starting with

hello_world:
  script:
    - echo "Hello World"

.template_build:
  before_script:
    - COMPILER=$(root-config --cxx)
    - FLAGS=$(root-config --cflags --libs)
  script:
    - $COMPILER -g -O3 -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -o skim skim.cxx $FLAGS

multi_build:
  extends: .template_build
  image: $ROOT_IMAGE
  parallel:
    matrix:
      - ROOT_IMAGE: ["rootproject/root:6.28.10-ubuntu22.04","rootproject/root:latest"]

We’re going to talk about another global parameter :stages (and the associated per-job parameter :job:stage. Stages allow us to group up parallel jobs with each group running after the other in the order you define. What have our jobs looked like so far in the pipelines we’ve been running?

Default Stage

You’ll note that the default stage is test. Of course, for CI/CD, this is likely the most obvious choice.

Stages allow us to categorize jobs by functionality, such as build, or test, or deploy – with job names being the next level of specification such as test_cpp, build_current, build_latest, or deploy_pages. Remember that two jobs cannot have the same name (globally), no matter what stage they’re in. Like the other global parameter variables, we keep stages towards the top of our .gitlab-ci.yml file.

Adding Stages

Let’s add stages to your code. We will define two stages for now: greeting and build. Don’t forget to assign those stages to the appropriate jobs.

Solution

stages:
  - greeting
  - build

hello world:
  stage: greeting
  script:
   - echo "Hello World"

.template_build:
  stage: build
  before_script:
   - COMPILER=$(root-config --cxx)
   - FLAGS=$(root-config --cflags --libs)
  script:
   - $COMPILER -g -O3 -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -o skim skim.cxx $FLAGS

multi_build:
  extends: .template_build
  image: $ROOT_IMAGE
  parallel:
    matrix:
      - ROOT_IMAGE: ["rootproject/root:6.28.10-ubuntu22.04","rootproject/root:latest"]

If you do it correctly, you should see a pipeline graph with two stages

Now all jobs in greeting run first, before all jobs in build (as this is the order we’ve defined our stages). All jobs within a given stage run in parallel as well.

That’s it. There’s nothing more to stages apart from that! In fact, everything in terms of parallel/serial as well as job dependencies only make sense in the context of having multiple stages. In all the previous sessions, you’ve just been using the default test stage for all jobs; the jobs all ran in parallel.

Further Reading

• https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/#stages

Key Points

• Stages allow for a mix of parallel/serial execution.

• Stages help define job dependencies.